Reduction of HARQ Latency for URLLC 5G Services Based on Network Slicing and Massive MIMO Hybrid Beamforming

Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC)  is one of the three generic 5G services and probably the most challenging one, with strict quality of service requirements of 99.999% or more reliability and <1 milliseconds (ms) radio latency. To achieve latency targets, contributors to latency need to be addressed. Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) retransmissions are major contributor to latency and need to be limited. The objective of this paper is to study the benefit of using Massive MIMO (M-MIMIO) along with radio network slicing to reduce number of HARQ retransmissions. A practical type of M-MIMO beamforming named hybrid beamforming is used. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated with slicing, without slicing and by alternating number of data streams per user. This work highlights the importance of technology enablers, such as M-MIMO and network slicing, in addressing quality-of-service (QoS) latency requirements for URLLC applications

Development of an integrated web-based indoor parking system with sensors

Growing number of vehicles in recent years has an impact to road capacity and parking spaces. Even with support of an efficient public transport, some users prefer to use their personal vehicles. Hence, it resulted in lack of parking space in public areas. Looking for parking spaces is time, money and fuel consuming and causes unnecessary stress to drivers. This work will design and develop the sensing infrastructure which will be used as a part of an integrated smart parking system that integrates the sensing capability with wireless transmission to the central web portal. Then, the central web portal will provide a platform for vehicle parking reservation system made online through a computer. This system also permits drivers to make a reservation on available parking slots utilizing ID code keyed in for authentication and several indicators to denote availability, non-availability and reservation status at the parking slot. The communication technologies used has to upload and download information to and from the web. This work has shown that the development was successful for a single floor parking system and can be upgraded to multi-storey parking complex

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Real-time routing protocol with load distribution in wireless sensor network based on IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), sensors gather information about the physical world, while base station takes decisions and then perform appropriate actions upon the environment, which allows a user to effectively sense and monitor from a distance in real time. This paper proposes a novel real time routing protocol with load distribution (RTLD) that provides efficient power consumption and high packet delivery ratio in WSN. The highlight advantage of RTLD is that it can deliver packets within their end-to-end deadlines, while minimizing the network miss ratio and power consumption. It combines the geocast forwarding with link quality, maximum velocity and remaining power to achieve the real time routing in WSN. The remaining power capability assists WSN to avoid routing holes problem due to power expiratio

Directional routing protocol in wireless mobile ad hoc network

Advancement in wireless communication technology and portable computing devices such as wireless handhelds, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) and other mobile information terminals have led to a revolutionary change in our information society towards the era of mobile computing. The ubiquitous access to a variety of digital devices and multimedia tools makes it possible to create, analyze, synthesize and communicate knowledge using a rich variety of media forms. Additionally, the mobile devices are getting smaller, cheaper, more convenient, and more powerful and have contributed to the explosive growth of the mobile computing equipment market. Vast interest and concerted work in developing and enhancing wireless and mobile network protocols are being driven by the ever increasing demand for an anytime and anywhere Internet access

Simulation study of real-time load distribution routing in wireless sensor networks

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), sensors gather information about the physical world and base station makes appropriate decision upon the environment. This technology enables users to effectively sense and monitor from a distance. WSN are slated to become very popular in the near future. It allows video/audio streaming to be transferred between sensor nodes in real-time. WSN can use realtime forwarding which means messages in the network are delivered according to their end-to-end deadlines (packet lifetime). This paper proposes a novel real-time routing protocol based on link quality, packet velocity over one-hop and remaining power in the sensor devices. The simulation results in this paper show that the proposed routing protocol has efficient power consumption, high packet delivery ratio, and minimum control packet overhead in WSNs

Development of an indoor GPS free self-positioning system for Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)

Position location (PL) has been an important and motivating criterion in position-based routing protocols which will reduce routing overhead. Several PL technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS), the active badge system, the bat system and the cricket compass system have been proposed. GPS technology is very useful outdoor but quite ineffective indoors because walls in buildings block GPS transmissions. Other systems mentioned above are hardware-based which require additional devices for signal transmission and this will significantly incur additional cost of installation and maintenance. In this paper, the development of a GPS-free, simple self-positioning system to be implemented in MANET are presented where the node itself determines its location from hello message signals received that are being broadcast at intervals from specifically identified stationary nodes. Location of all nodes will be based on a global coordinate system which will provide a simpler routing task in any position-based routing protocol. The proposed system will be economically developed since the hardware required are laptops or PDAs with a standard IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN card which will have a relative large transmission coverage compared to Bluetooth and infrared signals

Radio propagation and troposphere parameters effect for Microwave links in Sudan

Microwave links have to be designed such that propagation effects do not reduce the quality of the transmitted signals. Measurements and the derived propagation parameters are analysed and discussed. Metrological parameters data(Visibility, Temperature, Relative humidity and Atmospheric Pressure) gotten from the Sudan Meteorological Authority (SMA) are used to calculate the daily averages of refractivity for last year's 2014-2015. The meteorological data collected were computed to obtain the refractivity, refractivity gradient and earth radius factor. The results of the diurnal variation of refractivity based on assessment of relative humidity, dust cloud, rain fall, temperature and atmospheric pressure made across of covered all region in Sudan, Port Sudan (18° 25' N, 37° 25' E), Khartoum (15° 33' N, 32° 31'E), Dongla (19° 10' N, 30° 29' E), ElFashir (13° 28' N, 25° 21' E), and Wad Madani (14° 23' N, 33° 32' E), is presented in this study. Radio refractivity and attenuation signal strength are inversely related with ranges of 390 and 405 annual in different stations respectively. Results obtained ascertained that each atmospheric parameter has a role to play in refractivity with humidity as the major factor that is having more influence than other factors. The main contribution of this study improve future planning of the radio links in study area

Multi-classification of imbalance worm ransomware in the IoMT system

Worm-like ransomware strains spread quickly to critical systems such as IoMT without human interaction. Therefore, detecting different worm-like ransomware attacks during their spread is vital. Nevertheless, the low detection rate due to the imbalanced ransomware data and the detection systems' disability for multiclass simultaneous detection are two apparent problems. In this work, we proposed a new approach for multi-classifying ransomware using preprocessing, resampling, and different classifiers. The proposed system uses network traffic NetFlow data, which is privacy-friendly and not heavy. In the first phase, preprocessing techniques were used on the collected and aggregated ransomware traffic, and then an optimized Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was used for resampling the low-class samples. After that, four classifiers were applied, namely, Bayes Net, Hoeffding Tree, K-Nearest Neighbor, and a lightweight Multi-Layered Perceptron (MLP). The experimental results showed that the efficient preprocessing ensured accurate and simultaneous ransomware detection while the resampling technique improved the detection rate, F1, and PRC curve